Did you sign anything?
If so, do you have a copy?
You may apply for a visitors visa. If
there is something on your record they'll probably deny you one.
I had a problem the first time I was in
Taiwan and overstayed for just one day. The foreign affairs office at
the airport made a big deal out of it, and put a nasty stamp into my
passport. So I went to the visa office in my country and simply
talked to them.
Basically, You should find out if there
is some real peruse going on or not.
Did the school get a fine?
Did you get paid?
How many police officers were there?
Who send them?
That your ARC was for a student visa
and not for work is bad, so there is not much of an excuse you can
make.
Anyhow, go to the authorities and see
what you can do.